Introduction: The World of Cannabis Neurotransmitters

Cannabis, a plant used for thousands of years for both medicinal and ritual purposes, harbors a complex secret in its interaction with the human organism. At the heart of this secret are the cannabis neurotransmitters, particularly the phytocannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), which play a key role in how cannabis affects our body and brain functions. These natural compounds interact with the body's endocannabinoid system (ECS), an extensive network of receptors that plays a crucial role in maintaining internal balance and health.

Our body produces its own cannabinoids, known as endocannabinoids, which have similar functions to the cannabinoids from cannabis. These endogenous molecules, together with the cannabinoid receptors and the enzymes responsible for their synthesis and breakdown, form the ECS. This system is involved in a variety of physiological processes, including pain sensation, mood regulation, appetite, sleep, and the immune system, to name a few.

The discovery of the ECS and its interaction with cannabinoids has opened a new understanding of how cannabis works on a deep, molecular level. This knowledge not only provides insights into the potential therapeutic applications of cannabis and its components but also into the fundamental biological mechanisms that govern our well-being and health.

The Body's Own Cannabinoid System

Within us lies a complex and fascinating system that plays a central role in our well-being: the endocannabinoid system (ECS). One of the main components of this system are the endocannabinoids, body's own molecules that bear an astonishing similarity to the cannabinoids from the cannabis plant.

What are Endocannabinoids?

Endocannabinoids are molecules that we produce ourselves. They are part of a larger network that helps to maintain balance in our body systems. The most well-known among them are anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), often referred to as the "molecules of happiness".

Their Role and Function

• Function: Unlike most neurotransmitters, which signal from neuron to neuron in one direction, endocannabinoids can communicate in both directions. This uniqueness allows them to act as a kind of "feedback" system that fine-tunes the intensity of signals.
• Maintaining Homeostasis: Endocannabinoids play a key role in maintaining balance in our organism. They influence a variety of functions, including pain sensation, mood, appetite, and sleep.
• Pain and Relaxation: By modulating pain signals and promoting relaxation and well-being, endocannabinoids help to lower our overall stress level.
• Production and Breakdown

Our body produces endocannabinoids "on demand" to respond to changes in our internal or external environment. After they have fulfilled their task, they are quickly broken down by specific enzymes to restore homeostasis.

Interaction with Cannabinoid Receptors

Endocannabinoids primarily interact with two types of interfaces: CB1 receptors in the brain and CB2 receptors, which are distributed throughout the body. These interactions are crucial for the diverse effects of endocannabinoids on our health and well-being.

CB1 and CB2 Receptors: Interfaces for Cannabinoids

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a fascinating network within us that plays a crucial role in maintaining internal balance. At the forefront of this system are two hero types: the CB1 and CB2 receptors. These interfaces are the main players in the interaction with cannabinoids, both those we produce ourselves and those found in cannabis. The CB1 and CB2 receptors are more than just molecular switches; they are essential for maintaining balance in our body and mind. As science continues to explore the intricate ways the ECS affects our health, the exciting prospect remains that cannabinoids could one day play a key role in medicine.

CB1 Receptors: Guardians of the Brain

Where are they found? CB1 receptors are primarily located in the central nervous system, including important brain regions like the hippocampus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia. They are also present in some peripheral tissues, albeit in lower density.

What do they do? CB1 receptors play a key role in regulating pain, memory, appetite, and mood. They also influence the release of other important neurotransmitters and help to modulate our sense of joy and reward.

Interaction with THC: THC from cannabis binds to these interfaces and triggers the well-known psychoactive effects, including the "high" feeling. This binding explains why cannabis has such strong effects on our consciousness and perception.

CB2 Receptors: Protectors of Health

Where are they found? CB2 receptors are found mainly in the peripheral nervous system and the immune system, as well as immune cells, B-lymphocytes, and macrophages. Their presence in the brain is much less than that of CB1 receptors.

What do they do? These interfaces are crucial in regulating inflammation and pain. They influence the immune response and contribute to the maintenance of health and protection of the body.

Interaction with Cannabinoids: Unlike THC, other cannabinoids, especially CBD, bind less directly to CB2 receptors but can influence their activity indirectly, leading to anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

Significance of CB Receptors

• Diverse Effects: The activation of the body's cannabinoid interfaces by endo- or phytocannabinoids can evoke a wide range of effects, depending on where in the body they are stimulated.
• Therapeutic Potential: Targeted modulation of these interfaces offers exciting approaches for treating a variety of issues, from pain and inflammation to neurodegenerative diseases.

Anandamide and 2-AG - Transmitters of Happiness

In the fascinating world of our bodies, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and its main players, anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), play a central role in maintaining our internal balance. They are more than just molecules; they are essential for our ability to feel joy, manage pain, and stay balanced. These natural cannabinoids regulate important physiological and cognitive processes and contribute significantly to our well-being. As science continues to unravel the complex network of the endocannabinoid system, anandamide and 2-AG open up exciting perspectives for health and therapy, with the potential to revolutionize our understanding of well-being and illness.

Anandamide: The Molecule of Joy

Discovery and Significance: Anandamide, also known as AEA, was named after the Sanskrit word "Ananda," which means joy and bliss. This naming reflects its role in promoting well-being and joy.

How it Works: Anandamide interacts with CB1 receptors in the brain and contributes to mood regulation. It also affects pain, appetite, and memory and acts as a pain reliever.

Breakdown: The enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is responsible for the breakdown of anandamide, which limits its availability and duration of action.

2-Arachidonoylglycerol: A Versatile Mediator

• Discovery and Concentration: Shortly after the discovery of anandamide, 2-AG was identified. It is present in higher concentrations and plays a relevant role in the immune system and neuroprotection.
• Functions: 2-AG regulates inflammatory responses and supports neuronal communication. It serves as a retrograde messenger, crucial for fine-tuning neuronal signals.
• Breakdown: The enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is primarily responsible for the breakdown of 2-AG, controlling its activity in the ECS.

Their Role in the Endocannabinoid System

• Interaction: Both anandamide and 2-AG interact with CB1 and CB2 receptors, with 2-AG having a stronger affinity for CB2 receptors. These interactions enable them to modulate a variety of body functions.
• Influence on Health and Well-being: By regulating pain, mood, appetite, and inflammation, anandamide and 2-AG significantly contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis and overall well-being.

Significance for Therapies and Research

The exploration of anandamide and 2-AG offers new insights into how our body works and opens up potential therapy approaches for a range of diseases. From pain relief and mood enhancement to treating inflammation, these natural cannabinoids could play a key role in medicine in the future.

Influence of Cannabis on Dopamine

Cannabis, one of the most commonly consumed psychoactive substances worldwide, has diverse effects on us and our minds. A key aspect of its action is the influence on dopamine, a "happiness hormone" that plays a central role in our reward system.

What is Dopamine?

Dopamine is one of the neurotransmitters and acts as a kind of chemical messenger in the brain, involved in regulating pleasure, reward, motivation, and many other important functions. When we do something that promotes our survival or simply brings joy (such as eating, exercising, but also alcohol or smoking), our brain releases dopamine, which gives us a good feeling.

How Does Cannabis Affect the Dopamine System?

• Release of Dopamine: Cannabis, particularly the active ingredient THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), can increase the release of dopamine in the brain. This is done through interaction with the body's endocannabinoid system, which, among other things, regulates dopamine release.
• Feeling of Euphoria: The increased dopamine release can lead to feelings of euphoria and relaxation often associated with cannabis use. This is one reason why some people consume cannabis to reduce stress or feel better.
• Possible Long-term Effects
• Tolerance Development: With regular cannabis use, the brain can adapt to the increased dopamine release. This can lead to needing to smoke more cannabis to achieve the same pleasant effects.
• Risk of Dependence: Influencing the dopamine system can also increase the risk of cannabis dependence. When consumption becomes the main source of positive feelings, it can become more difficult to do without the substance.
• Effects on Well-being: Long-term or intense cannabis use can impair the brain's natural ability to respond to other rewarding activities with dopamine release. This can lead to a decreased interest in activities that previously brought joy.

What Does This Mean for Cannabis Consumption?

• Moderation is Key: As with many things in life, moderate and conscious use of cannabis can help minimize negative effects on the dopamine system.
• Mindfulness in Use: It is important to be aware of one's consumption habits and to make conscious decisions about when and how much cannabis is consumed.
• Seek Support if Necessary: If you have difficulty controlling your cannabis smoking, or if you notice that it negatively affects your life, do not hesitate to seek professional help

THC - Impact on the Brain

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the most famous cannabinoid found in the cannabis plant and is known for its psychoactive effects. These effects, ranging from euphoria and relaxation to altered perceptions, make cannabis the most popular drug alongside alcohol. The key to these effects lies in the interaction between THC and the body's endocannabinoid system (ECS), especially by binding to the body's interfaces in the brain. A deeper understanding of these interactions can help us better navigate the varied experiences with cannabis and make informed decisions about our consumption.

THC and CB1 Receptors: The Connection to the High

Where does THC act? THC has a strong binding affinity to CB1 receptors, which are predominantly distributed in the central nervous system, including important brain regions such as the hippocampus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia. These brain regions are crucial for our cognitive functions and emotions.

How does THC work? THC mimics the body's natural endocannabinoids by binding to this interface and activating it. This action triggers the well-known psychoactive effects of cannabis, as it modulates the normal functioning of the ECS.

The Diversity of THC Effects

• Feeling of Happiness and Relaxation: The most well-known effects of THC are an intense feeling of euphoria and relaxation, often described as the "high".
• Sensory Perceptions: THC can also make colors appear brighter, music sound more intense, or time seem to slow down.
• Cognitive Changes: Higher doses or individual sensitivity can lead to impairments in memory function, attention, and decision-making.

Long-term Effects and the Development of Tolerance

• Tolerance: Regular use of cannabis can lead to the development of tolerance, where the same amount of THC no longer produces the desired effects. This can lead users to increase their consumption amount.
• Possible Risks: Long-term or intense use can be associated with risks, including cognitive impairments and, in some individuals, the risk of mental illness.
• Responsible Use of Cannabis

The world of THC brings both potential for therapeutic applications and challenges regarding health and well-being. A conscious and responsible approach to cannabis is crucial to enjoy the positive aspects while minimizing risks.

CBD and the Promotion of Neurogenesis

Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive compound from the cannabis plant, has attracted significant attention in the scientific community for its potential neurogenic properties. The ability to form new brain cells - known as neurogenesis - is not only a fascinating area of research but also offers hopeful perspectives for the treatment of various neurological and mental conditions.

Understanding Neurogenesis

For a long time, it was believed that the human brain could no longer form new neurons (brain cells) after a certain developmental phase in childhood. However, recent research has shown that certain brain regions, like the hippocampus - a central area for memory and emotions - are indeed capable of producing new cells even in adulthood. This discovery opens doors to revolutionary treatment methods for various diseases.

The Role of CBD in Neurogenesis

Promotion of New Brain Cells: Studies suggest that CBD can support the formation of new neurons in the hippocampus. This could help improve cognitive functions and mitigate the negative effects of stress and neurodegenerative diseases.

How does CBD work? CBD interacts indirectly with the body's endocannabinoid system, which regulates mood and pain sensation, among other things. It increases concentrations of anandamide, a "feel-good" molecule, thereby creating an environment that favors the growth of new neurons.

• Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: CBD acts as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, making it a strong ally in the fight against factors that could otherwise hinder the formation of new brain cells.
• Potential Health Benefits
• Against Depression and Anxiety: The ability of CBD to support neurogenesis could open new treatment paths for depression and anxiety disorders, which are influenced by impaired neurogenesis.
• Assistance in Neurodegenerative Diseases: By promoting the formation of new neurons, CBD could help in the treatment or delay of the progression of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
• Support After Brain Injuries: Stimulating neurogenesis could also be valuable in recovering from traumatic brain injuries and strokes.

Cannabinoids: A Shield for the Brain

Cannabinoids, both found in cannabis (phytocannabinoids) and in our organism (endocannabinoids), have attracted a lot of attention in scientific research for their neuroprotective properties. This ability to protect our brain cells could have significant implications for the treatment and prevention of diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, and even stroke. Cannabinoids offer exciting potential as neuroprotective agents that can shield our brain from a variety of harmful influences. Although research is still in its infancy, these natural compounds could one day play a key role in the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.

The Antioxidant Superpower

• Fight Against Free Radicals: Our cells, including brain cells, are constantly attacked by free radicals. These unstable molecules can cause cell damage, contributing to aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Cannabinoids like CBD offer strong antioxidant protection by neutralizing these free radicals, thus protecting the cells.
• Balance through the Endocannabinoid System
• Stabilization: The endocannabinoid system helps maintain balance in the brain. By interacting with this system, cannabinoids can help regulate neurotransmitter release. This prevents the overactivity of neurons that can lead to damage and provides a neuroprotective effect.
• Reducing Inflammation: Inflammation in the brain is a key factor in many neurodegenerative diseases. Cannabinoids have anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the activity of CB2 receptors, which are present in the immune system and the brain, thus reducing inflammation.

Shield Against Overexcitation

• Limiting Glutamate: Glutamate is an important neurotransmitter that can be harmful in high concentrations. Cannabinoids help control the release of glutamate, protecting neurons from overexcitation and toxic damage, thus contributing to neuroprotection.

A Glimmer of Hope for the Future

• Potential in Therapy: The neuroprotective properties of cannabinoids open new doors for treating brain diseases. Their ability to protect neurons and even promote new growth makes them promising candidates for future therapies.
• The Need for Further Research: Despite the promising properties, further research, especially through clinical trials on humans, is necessary to fully understand the safety and efficacy of cannabinoids in neuroprotective treatment.